Thursday, 3 November 2011

2nd Bachillerato Units Starter to 4



2ND BACHILLERATO




A) Intro: Self-study material and Level tests

B) Units Starter to Unit 4

C) PAU exams and useful material and websites




A) Intro: Self-study material and Level tests
Self-study material from OUP (Oxford University press)website


A lot of axercises for Bachillerato


Test your English level at








B) Units Starter to 4 
 
Starter unit







RESUMEN TIEMPOS VERBALES


PRESENTE SIMPLE

Afirmativa--Sujeto + Infinitivo sin to (3ª se le añade -s- o -es) I read my book

Negativa--Sujeto + don´t / doesn´t + infinitivo sin to I don´t read the book

Interrogativa--Do/Does + Sujeto + infinitivo sin to Do you read the book?

PRESENTE CONTINUO

Prsente simple de to be y el participio de presente del verbo que se conjuga.

Afirmativa—Sujeto + To be + Verbo -ing I am playing football

Interrogativa—To be + Sujeto + Verbo -ing Am I playing football?

Negativa—Sujeto + To be + not + Verbo -ing I am not playing football

* Para hablar de algo que está pasando en el momento-- Wnat are you doing now?
* Para hablar de PLANES ya en marcha (+ expresión que indique FUTURO:later,tomorrow

PRESENTE PERFECTO SIMPLE

Afirmativa—Sujeto + Have (has)+ Verbo (3ªColumna o -ed-) I have been in New York

Interrogativa—Have/has + Sujeto + Verbo (3ªColumna o -ed-) Have I been in New York?

Negativa—Sujeto + Haven´t/hasn´t + Verbo (3ªColumna o -ed-) I haven´t been in New York

* Para hablar de experiencies en la vida-- Have you ever visited Paris?
* Acciones pasadas RECIENTES o NOTICIA.
Adverbios—Yet, always, never, ever, just, already

1) Si para preguntar por el tiempo en que se realizó una acción es preciso utilizar el pasado simple, para preguntar sencillamente por la realización de una acción se usa el presente perfecto. Ejemplos: When did you go to London? (pasado simple) . Have you ever been to London? (presente perfecto).

2) con referencia a acciones realizadas recientemente en expresiones con just, adverbio que debe situarse entre el auxiliar y el participio. La expresión castellana equivalente se construye con acabar de. Ejemplo: I have just seen her --- Acabo de verla.

3) con referencia a acciones recientes o con expresiones que denotan un período de tiempo aún no acabado. Ejemplo: I have read that book recently . I have not read that book yet.

4) con referencia a acciones iniciadas en el pasado que siguen desarrollándose en el presente. En estos casos es frecuente el uso de las preposiciones for (si se trata de un período de tiempo) o since (si se menciona el momento concreto o la fecha exacta en que se comenzó la acción). Ejemplos: I have worked here for ten years. I have worked here since July.

PASADO SIMPLE

No se especifica el momento en el que ocurrio la accion. Se forma añadiendo -ed al infinitivo sin to. Cuando el verbo acaba en -e sólo se añade -d.

Afirmativa—Sujeto + Verbo (2ªcolumna o -ed-) + Comp—I bought flowers

Interrogativa—Did + Sujeto + infinitivo sin to + Comp—Did I buy flowers in the shop?

Negativa—Sujeto + didn´t + Verbo en infinitivo sin to

PASADO CONTINUO

Se forma con el pasado simple del auxiliar to be y el participio de presente del verbo que se conjuga.

Afirmativa—Sujeto + was/were + Verbo -ing I was playing football

Interrogativa—Was/were + Sujeto + Verbo -ing Was I playing football?

Negativa—Sujeto + wasn´t/weren´t + Verbo -ing I wasn´t playing football

* Para hablar de algo estaba en curso en momento concreto del pasado--I was watching at 9.00

FUTURO SIMPLE

* Cuando se decide hacer algo en el momento de hablar
* Cuando algo va a ocurrir en un futuro lejano
* Con peticiones, con pronósticos, con promesas,invitaciones
* Cuando nos negamos a hacer algo
*Para ofrecerse—I will phone the police for you
* En lenguaje formal (en las noticias)—The president will open de new heliport tomorrow
* En los restaurantes—I´ll have roast-beef
* En las oraciones temporales y condicionales (1er orden.)—If you want, I´ll buy the CD

FUTUR PLANS

To be going to (ver también Pres Continuous with future meaning y el Fut. Continuous)

* Para expresar una intención—I´m going to fly Paris
* Para expresar una predicción de la que hay evidencias en el presente—It´s going to rain (It´s cloudy)
* Para expresar un rechazo—I´m not going to do it
Pasado Continuo
I/she/he/it was +verbo-ing
They/we/you were +verboi-ing
Uso
Describir una actividad que ocurría en un momento específico del pasado:
At 6 o'clock I was working in the garden
Describir una actividad interrumpida por una más corta:
They arrived while we were cooking
Describir dos actividades que ocurren en un mismo tiempo:
I was reading a book while my brother was listening to music
Present perfect (pretérito perfecto simple)
He/she/it has + verbo 3 columna
I/you/they/We + verbo 3 columna
Uso
Acciones del pasado que tienen importancia en el presente:
I have won the lottery .I have your mother in the supermarket
Con el adverbio just se expresan acciones que acaban de ocurrir:
We have just come back from London
Expresiones de periodo incomplete como: this morning, this week, this month, today:
We haven´t seen frank this morning
Con las preposiciones for y since: expresiones que empezó en el pasado y no ha acabado:
I have lived in Malaga for three year
Sara has studied Russian since 1999
Present perfect continuous (pretérito perfecto continuo)
I/you/we/they have + been + verbo-ing
He/she/it has + been + verbo-ing
Uso
Hablar de actividad que empezó en el pasado y que continúa en el presente, se resalta la duración de la actividad, se suele utilizar la preposición for o since.
We have been studying since 9 o'clock
Hablar de una actividad que empezó en el pasado y ha acabado recientemente:
You have been sleeping all morning
Past perfect (pretérito pluscuamperfecto)
I/she/he/it/we/they/you + had (´d) + verbo 3 columna + lo que sea
Uso
Para hablar de una acción pasada que ocurrió antes que otra (también en el pasado):
The train had already left when we arrived at the station.
1 orden 2 orden
Future simple
I/she/he/it/we/they/you + will +verbo infinitive
Uso
Expresar predicciones del futuro:
It Hill be cloudy tomorrow morning
Hacer promesas:
I will write to you every day
Hacer un ofrecimiento:
A: I can't put the book on the top shelf
B: I will do it for you
En las oraciones condicionales del primer tipo:
If + present simple + futuro:
If it rains, I won't go
Tomar una decisión en el momento de hablar:
I think I will have a sandwich now
Future with going to
He/she/it is going to
I am going to
We/you/they are going to
Uso
Expresar intenciones:
I'm going to work harder (voy a estudiar más)
Hablar de un plan futuro:
A famous architect is going to build a new museum
Hacer predicciones futuras a partir de un hecho evidente en el presente:
Loot at those clouds. It's going to rain in a minute.
Future continuous
I/she/he/it/we/they/you + will be + verbo-ing
Uso
Hablar de acciones que estarán en marcha en un momento determinado del futuro:
At this time next week I will de playing with my friends
Preguntar por los planes de los demás, cuando pedir un favor:
Will you be using the computer this afternoon?
Future perfect
I/she/he/it/we/they/you + will have + verbos en tercera columna
Uso
Hablar de acciones que en un futuro estarán finalizadas (En un futuro va a ser pasado):
By next July, I will have passed all my exams
I will have painted the house by next week







ENGLISH LESSONS

VERBSTENSE REVISION CHART


Verb(to play)TenseUseExample
I playPresent simplemore...▪ Regular activities - routine - habits▪ Anne and Sophie play tennis on Saturday afternoons.
I am playingPresent continuousmore...▪ Continuous action now or at the present time.▪ Anne and Sophie are playing at the moment.
I have playedPresent Perfect Simple
more...		▪ Finished part of a continuous action
▪ Completed actions in an unfinished period of time
▪ Recent events (no time mentioned)
▪ Past action with a result in the present.
▪ Experiences (no time mentioned)		▪ So far they have played two sets.
▪ They have played several other matches this month.
▪ Their parents have just arrived.
▪ Sophie has broken her racket so she's got to change it.
▪ They have played in many tournaments.
I have been playingPresent Perfect Continuous more...▪ Actions begun in the past which continue today.▪ They have been playing tennis since 2 pm.
I playedPast Simple more...▪ Finished actions at a specific time in the past.▪ Last Saturday Sophie played in another tournament.
I was playingPast Continuousmore...▪ Continuous actions at a specific time in the past.▪ At 2.30 pm they were startingthe second set.
I had playedPast Perfect Simplemore...▪ Actions before a specific time in the past.▪ Before they arrived, two other people had played a match.
I had been playingPast Perfect Continuous more...▪ Past continuous actions▪ When their parents arrived, theywere already playing.
I will playFuture simple more...▪ Predictions
▪ Spontaneous decisions or offers		▪ Sophie will win the match today.
▪ I'll lend you my tennis racket!
I will be playingFuture continuous▪ Future continuous actions▪ Next Saturday they will be playing in another town.
I will have playedFuture perfect▪ Completed future action.▪ By September, they will have played 12 matches.
I will have been playingFuture perfect continuous▪ Continuous future action completed at a given time.▪ At 4 pm Anne and Sophie will have been playing for 2 hours.
I would playConditional Simplemore...▪ Probable action in an imaginary situation▪ I would play tennis if I had a racket.
I would be playingConditional Continuous▪ Continuous action in an imaginary situation.▪ Anne would be playing tennis if you came on a Saturday afternoon.
I would have playedConditional Perfect▪ Speculating about hypothetical situations in the past.▪ I would have played yesterdayifyou had asked me.
I would have been playingCond. Perfect Continuous▪ Continuous hypothetical situations.▪ I would have been playing with Anne if I had won my last match.





English Tenses Timeline Chart

This timeline tenses chart provides a handy reference sheet to English tenses and their relationship to one another and the past, present and future. Conjugated verbs are highlighted in bold. Tenses which are rarely used in everyday conversation are marked by an asterik (*).



TIMELINE



SIMPLE ACTIVESIMPLE PASSIVE
PROGRESSIVE / CONTINUOUS ACTIVEPROGRESSIVE / CONTINUOUS PASSIVE



PAST TIME
^
|
|
|
|


She had already eatenwhen I arrived.The painting had been sold twice before it was destroyed.

^
|
PAST PERFECT
|
|
I had been waitingfor four hours when he finally arrived.The house had been being painted for over a month before they began to decorate the interior. *
I bought a new car last week.The book was writtenin 1876 by Frank Smith.

^
|
PAST
|
|
I was watching TVwhen she arrived.The problem was being solved when I arrived late for class.
She has lived in California for many years.The company has been managed by Fred Jones for the last two years.

^
|
PRESENT PERFECT
|
|
She has been working at Johnson's for six months.The students have been being taught for the last four hours. *
He works five days a week.Those shoes are made in Italy.

^
|
PRESENT
|
|
I am working at the moment.The work is being doneby Jim.




|
|
PRESENT MOMENT
|
|






|
FUTURE INTENTION
|
|
V
They are going to flyto New York tomorrow.The reports are going to be completed by the marketing department.
The sun will shinetomorrow.The food will be brought later.

|
FUTURE SIMPLE
|
|
V
She will be teachingtomorrow at six o'clock.The rolls will be being baked at two. *
I will have completed the course by the end of next week.The project will have been finishedby tomorrow afternoon.

|
FUTURE PERFECT
|
|
V
She will have been workinghere for two years by the end of next month.The house will have been being built for six months by the time they finish. *



FUTURE TIME
|
|
|
|
V




Present Simple

every ... (day)
sometimes
often
usually
seldom

Present Progressive

now
at the moment
Look!
Listen!

Pres. Continuous(future9/be going to

at...
next...


Simple Past

last ...
... ago
yesterday
in 1990


Present Perfect

yet
ever
already
so far
up to now

Future Perfect

by+ time
http://www.learn-english-today.com/lessons/lesson_contents/verbs_tense-revision.htm


 http://kisi.deu.edu.tr/binnur.kavlak/ingilizce/belgeler/FreeEnglishGrammar.pdf



 LIST OF MAIN IRREGULAR VERBS

InfinitiveSimple PastPast ParticipleSpanish
arisearosearisensurgir
bewas / werebeenser
beatbeatbeatengolpear
becomebecamebecomeconvertirse
begin
beganbegun
comenzar
betbet/bettedbet/bettedapostar
bitebitbittenmorder
bleedbledbledsangrar
blowblewblownsoplar
breakbrokebrokenromper
bringbroughtbroughttraer
buildbuiltbuiltconstruir
buyboughtboughtcomprar
catchcaughtcaughtatrapar
choosechosechosenelegir
comecamecomevenir
costcostcostcostar
creepcreptcreptarrastrarse
cut
cutcut
cortar
dealdealtdealtdar, repartir
dodiddonehacer
drawdrewdrawndibujar
dreamdreamt/dreameddreamt/dreamedsoñar
drinkdrankdrunkbeber
drivedrovedrivenconducir
eatateeatencomer
fallfellfallencaer
feedfedfedalimentar
feelfeltfeltsentir
fightfoughtfoughtpelear
findfoundfoundencontrar
fleefledfledhuir
flyflewflownvolar
forgetforgotforgottenolvidar
forgiveforgaveforgivenperdonar
forsakeforsookforsakenabandonar
freezefrozefrozencongelar
getgotgottener, obtener
givegavegivendar
gowentgoneir
grindgroundgroundmoler
growgrewgrowncrecer
hanghunghungcolgar
havehadhadtener
hearheardheardoír
hidehidhiddenesconderse
hithithitgolpear
holdheldheldtener, mantener
hurthurthurtherir, doler
keepkeptkeptguardar
kneelkneltkneltarrodillarse
knowknewknownsaber
leadledledencabezar
learnlearnt/learnedlearnt/learnedaprender
leaveleftleftdejar
lendlentlentprestar
letletletdejar
lielaylainyacer
loselostlostperder
makemademadehacer
meanmeantmeantsignificar
meetmetmetconocer, encontrar
paypaidpaidpagar
putputputponer
quitquit/quittedquit/quittedabandonar
readreadreadleer
rideroderiddenmontar, ir
ringrangrungllamar por teléfono
riseroserisenelevar
runranruncorrer
saysaidsaiddecir
seesawseenver
sellsoldsoldvender
sendsentsentenviar
setsetsetfijar
sewsewedsewn/sewedcoser
shakeshookshakensacudir
shineshoneshonebrillar
shootshotshotdisparar
showshowedshown/showedmostrar
shrinkshrank/shrunkshrunkencoger
shutshutshutcerrar
singsangsungcantar
sinksanksunkhundir
sitsatsatsentarse
sleepsleptsleptdormir
slideslidsliddeslizar
sowsowedsown/sowedsembrar
speakspokespokenhablar
spellspelt/spelledspelt/spelleddeletrear
spendspentspentgastar
spillspilt/spilledspilt/spilledderramar
splitsplitsplitpartir
spoilspoilt/spoiledspoilt/spoiledestropear
spreadspreadspreadextenderse
standstoodstoodestar de pie
stealstolestolenrobar
stingstungstungpicar
stinkstank/stunkstunkapestar
strikestruckstruckgolpear
swearsworeswornjurar
sweepsweptsweptbarrer
swimswamswumnadar
taketooktakentomar
teachtaughttaughtenseñar
teartoretornromper
telltoldtolddecir
thinkthoughtthoughtpensar
throwthrewthrownlanzar
treadtrodetrodden/trodpisar
understandunderstoodunderstoodentender
wakewokewokendespertarse
wearworewornllevar puesto
weavewovewoventejer
weepweptweptllorar
winwonwonganar
wringwrungwrungretorcer
writewrotewrittenescribir







MORE GRAMMAR ABOUT TENSES



http://www.bbc.co.uk/skillswise/words/grammar/tenses/getting_the_right_tense/factsheet.shtml


 http://www.e-grammar.org/

 http://www.grammarbank.com/
NEGATIVE PREFIXES

http://hum.ku.ac.th/learn/learnenglishthroughsong/BackAtOne/prefix.html


EXERCISES







PRESENT


http://www.nonstopenglish.com/allexercises/Grammar/Grammar-present.asp

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/present-progressive-1

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/present-progressive-2

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/present-progressive-3

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/simple-present-1

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/simple-present-2

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/simple-present-3

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs1.htm
http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs2.htm




PAST


http://www.nonstopenglish.com/allexercises/Grammar/Grammar-past.asp
 
http://www.englishtenseswithcartoons.com/page/test/when_or_while_test

http://www.learnenglishfeelgood.com/lefg3_simplepastpresentperf1.html

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/simple-past-1

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/simple-past-2

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/simple-past-3

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/past-progressive-1

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/past-progressive-2

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/past-progressive-3

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/present-perfect-simple-1

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/present-perfect-simple-2

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/present-perfect-simple-3

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/present-perfect-progressive-2

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/present-perfect-progressive-3

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/past-perfect-simple-1

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/past-perfect-simple-2







FUTURE

http://www.nonstopenglish.com/allexercises/Grammar/Grammar-future.asp

http://www.englishtenseswithcartoons.com/page/exercise/simple_future_vs_going_to

http://www.englishtenseswithcartoons.com/page/exercise/future_for_predictions_test

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/future-1-will-1

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/future-1-will-2

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/future-1-will-3

http://esl.about.com/library/quiz/blgrquiz_futureforms.htm
Future perfect simple &continuous :


http://www.e-grammar.org/future-perfect-simple-continuous/

http://perso.wanadoo.es/autoenglish/gr.futperf.i.htm







CONDITIONAL


http://www.nonstopenglish.com/allexercises/Grammar/Grammar-conditional.asp
http://www.englishtenseswithcartoons.com/page/exercise/first_or_second_conditional_quiz








MIXED TENSES


http://theenglishcafe.blogspot.com/2009/11/exercise-mixed-tenses.html



http://www.scribd.com/doc/526198/Verb-tenses-exercises


http://www.nonstopenglish.com/allexercises/Grammar/Grammar-tenses.asp

http://www.learnenglishfeelgood.com/lefg_mixedtenses1.pdf


http://www.learnenglishfeelgood.com/lefg_mixedtenses2.pdf


http://www.learnenglishfeelgood.com/lefg_mixedtenses3.pdf


http://www.learnenglishfeelgood.com/lefg_mixedtenses4.pdf


http://www.learnenglishfeelgood.com/lefg_mixedtenses5.pdf


http://eslbee.com/cgi-bin/quiztest.cgi?doapushup


http://eslbee.com/cgi-bin/quiztest.cgi?sing_a_song


http://www.englishclub.com/esl-quizzes/grammar-5-tenses.htm


http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/london-dungeon


http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/language-course


http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/james-cook


http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/bewleys


http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/mix-2


http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/mix-3


http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/mix-4


http://www.englishtenseswithcartoons.com/page/visualtests/1


http://www.eslmonster.com/test/mixed-verb-tenses-exercise


http://www.eslmonster.com/test/mixed-verb-tenses-exercise


http://www.eslmonster.com/test/mixed-verb-tenses-exercise3


http://www.saberingles.com.ar/exercises/301.html


http://www.saberingles.com.ar/exercises/302.html
 

http://www.saberingles.com.ar/exercises/303.html

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs1.htm


http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs2.htm


http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs3.htm


http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs4.htm



http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs5.htm


http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs6.htm


http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs7.htm


http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs8.htm

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs9.htm


http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs10.htm


http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs11.htm


http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs12.htm


http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs13.htm


http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs14.htm


http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs15.htm


http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs16.htm


http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs17.htm


http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs18.htm


http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs19.htm

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs20.htm


http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs21.htm


http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs22.htm


http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs23.htm


http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs24.htm


http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs25.htm


http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs26.htm


http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs27.htm

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs28.htm


http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs29practicetest.htm

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs30finaltest.htm





http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises_list/alle_grammar.htm



http://mbonillo.xavierre.com/httpdocs/grammar/2bch.html



http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/mix-4



             SO/SUCH/TOO/ENOUGH







EXERCISES WITH TOO AND ENOUGH

Fill in the blanks with TOO or ENOUGH .-

1. I don’t have …….. money to go to the concert.
2. Have you got …… sugar in your coffee ?
3. I didn’t like the film; it was ……. slow.
4. I didn’t like the film ; it wasn’t quick …….. .
5. There isn’t ……. flour to make the cake.
6. We don’t have ……. time to finish the exercise.
7. I think there are ….. resources in the world to finish with poverty and starvation.
8. Do you think I’ve got …… qualifications to apply for the job ?
9. I can’t drink my tea; it is …… hot.
10. Can you lift that suitcase ? Is it not ……. heavy ?
11. l couldn’t eat the fruit. It wasn’t ripe …….. .
12. I can’t explain the situation; it ‘s ……. complex.
13. Do you think I am fit ……. to climb the Everest ?
14. There were not …… people to start the lecture.
15. I think you will have ……. with these sentences.




UNIT 1 RELATIVE CLAUSES






UNIT 2 MODAL VERBS











UNIT 3 THE PASSIVE VOICE









GRAMMAR






EXERCISES

EASY:










































HAVING THINGS DONE/MANDAR HACER ALGO


THE CAUSATIVE: HAVE/GET SOMETHING DONE
Have /get + objeto + participio pasado = I have /get my watch mended

A. Se usa un verbo causativo para expresar las acciones que encargamos a alguien.

She always has her food delivered (en lugar de traerla ella, pide a alguien que se la traiga)
I got my phtograph taken for my passport (otra persona me hizo la foto)

Esta estructura tiene un significado pasivo, puesto que el sustantivo que va en medio recibe la acción expresada por el verbo en participio.

Nota:
a) get también indica que el objeto realiza personalmente la acción o se implica mucho en su ejecución.
When I get my homework done, I’ll match TV

b) have es un poco más formal que get y get es más frecuente que have en la forma imperativa.Example: Get your bedroom tidied at once!
.
Nótese la diferencia entre:

a) I’m going to have/get this chair restored

b) I’m going to restore this chair
En la frase a) yo voy a llevar la silla a alguien para que efectúe la restauración, mientras que en la b) soy yo mismo quien la efectúa.

B. Si quisiéramos mencionar quién hace la acción, podríamos añadir by + el agente al final de la frase.

Susan had her car repaired by a mechanic (Susan llevó el coche a un mecánico para que se lo arreglara)

C. El verbo causativo puede usarse prácticamente en cualquier tiempo, incluso en las formas continuas.

We’re having our house painted this week

Jack will be getting his messages sent by e-mail from now on


TENSE
HAVE/GET SOMETHING DONE
Present Simple
I have/get my hair cut.
Past Simple
I had/got my hair cut.
Present Continuous
I'm having/getting my hair cut.
Past Continuous
I was having/getting my hair cut.
Present Perfect
I have had my hair cut.
Past Perfect
I had had my hair cut.
will
I will have my hair cut.
must
I must have my hair cut.
be going to
I'm going to have my hair cut.

D. La interrogativa y la negativa se forman como las de cualquier otro verbo
Do you have your car serviced regularly?
Did he get his house redecorated last week?
You won’t have your eyes tested next week
I’m not getting my hair cut today.
E. En situaciones en las que se quiere indicar que algo desagradable ha ocurrido en el pasado se suele usar have + objeto + participio
He had his car broken last week
I had my finger bitten during the fight
She had his mobile phone stolen while she was playing in the playground








UNIT 4 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES/IF-CLAUSES



IF-CLAUSES






IF-CLAUSE
MAIN CLAUSE
MEANING
General conditions
("Zero" Conditional)
Simple present
Simple present
General laws; things that are always true
Possible conditions
(1st Conditional)
Simple present
WILL + V
(also CAN, MAY, MUST & imperatives)
Probable future result
Hypothetical conditions
(2nd Conmditional)
Simple past
WOULD + V
(also COULD / MIGHT)
Imaginary situation in the present or future
Impossible conditions
(3rd Conditional)
Past Perfect
WOULD HAVE + pp
(also COULD / MIGHT)
Imaginary situation in the past
UNLESS can be used with the meaning "IF ... NOT" in general and possible conditions only.





Other structures



  • As long as, providing (or provided that) and on condition: these expressions meanonlyifand can be used with the same verb forms as conditional sentences:
    In Spain you can drive a car as long as you are 18
  • Inversion of subject and verb: this structure is very common in formal English in conditional sentences with should and the past perfect. When inversion is used, we omit if:
Had I known about the transport strike, I would have taken my car.
Should you meet Sheila, tell her the meeting has been postponed.


GRAMMAR LINKS / GRAMÁTICA DE FRASES DE CONDICIONAL (IF-CLAUSES)




http://www.english-grammar-lessons.com/type0/exercise4.html
http://inglescarmelitaslb.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/conditional-sentences.pdf


INVERSION IN CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 

(ADVANCED LEVEL)


In formal English conditional sentences can be formed by inversion of subject and auxiliary. Also, if is removed.
Consider these examples:
  • Were I you, I would visit my grandfather.
In formal English conditional sentences can be formed by inversion of subject and auxiliary. Also, if is removed.
Consider these examples:
  • Were I you, I would visit my grandfather.
  • Had I known this fact before, I wouldn't have come here.
  • Had Jake been informed about the meeting, he would have participated.

Inversion after certain adverbs or adverb phrases t
o give emphasis. 
In this article, we're going to have a look at inversion that sometimes takes place with
certain adverbs and adverb phrases, mostly with a negative or restrictive sense. Such
adverbs (adverb phrases) can be placed first in asentence or clause for emphasis. They
are then followed by the interrogative (i.e. inverted ) form of the verb.
The most important of these adverbs include:
•
hardly ever
•
never
•
scarcely ever
•
only by
•
in no circumstances
•
only in this way on no account
•
hardly . . . when
•
only then/when no sooner . . . than
•
scarcely . . . when
•
not only
•
seldom
•
nowhere
•
not till
•
so
•
neither/nor

Examples of how to use them:
•
I had never before seen such a beatiful place. =
Never before had I been asked to lie.
•
a) I haven't got any money.
b) Neither/Nor have I.
•
They not only rob you, they smash everything too. =
Not only do they rob you, they smash everything too
.
•
She became so depressed that. . . =
So sepressed did she become that. . .
•
This switch must not be touched on any account. =
On no account must this switch be touched.
•
Mike didn't realize how difficult how situation was
till he received the letter. =
Not untill he received the letter did he realize ho
w difficult his situation was.
Also note that a second negative verb in a sentenc
e can sometimes be expressed by
nor
with inversion:
•
She had no friends and didn't know anyone who could
help her. =
She had no friends, nor did she know anyone who cou
ld help her. 
CONDITIONAL CLAUSES

Grammar theory - 

Conditional clauses, describe the condition upon which the action in the main clause depends. Their basic structure is the following: 
If…………then……………….. 
Different types of conditional will depend on how possible is that expressed in the conditional clause.
Type 0- neutral type
Here if could be replaced by when and the resulting sentence would be:
'
When it was very cold, we switched on the heating.'


IF
PRESENT (or same tense)
PRESENT (or same tense
If
It is very cold/it was very cold
We switch/switched on the heating

Type I- open condition


What happens in the main clause may or may not happen, depending on the conditional cluse
IF
PRESENT
FUTURE, IMPERATIVE, CAN, MAY
If
You want to lose weight,
You will probably be hungry
If
You see her,
Tell her to give me a ring
IMPERATIVE
"AND"/"OR"
FUTURE
Keep working like that
And
You will have an accident
Please sit down
Or
You won't see the show.
Something that may happen is seen as depending on chance or highly improbable.
IF
SHOULD
FUTURE and IMPERATIVE
If
You should find this can difficult to open,
Return to the shop
SHOULD + subject + verb
FUTURE and IMPERATIVE
Should you find my keyholder,
You will telephone me immediately
Telephone me immediately

Type 2- hypothetical but possible condition
The main clause depends on an imaginary non fact in the if-clause, expressed by past tenses
IF
PAST
CONDITIONAL, COULD, MIGHT
If
You bought a car
You would spend money on fuel
You could drive your friends around
It is less likely that the action in the conditional takes place.
IF
"WERE TO"
CONDITIONAL, COULD, MIGHT
If
You were to meet Mr James,
You could see that he's a nasty little guy
WERE + SUBJECT + TO INFINITIVE
CONDITIONAL, COULD, MIGHT
Were you to find walking difficult,
You could try the easy way up.

Type 3- hypothetical but unreal condition
What is said in the main clause is an imaginary consequence of something that that didn't happen
IF
PAST PERFECT
PERFECT CONDITIONAL
If
We had followed his advices
We would have found a house near the river
IF
PAST PERFECT
COULD or MIGHT HAVE
If
You had told me before
I could have got you the tickets

Summary of inversions in the conditional sentences
In type 1
"SHOULD" INVERTED
FUTURE or IMPERATIVE
Should my mother call me
Tell her I'm not feeling too well
In type 2
"WERE TO" INVERTED
CONDITIONAL
Were they to arrive tomorrow
We would have to buy some food
In type 3
PAST PERFECT INVERTED
PERFECT CONDITIONAL
Had you seen what I saw
you would have also believed it

Other expressions used in conditional clauses:
UNLESS
" Si no…"
"A menos que..."
You won't finish the race unless you control your effort.
"WHETHER…OR NOT"
"Tanto….como si no "
Whether you pay or not, you won't get in without an invitation.
"ON CONDITION THAT"
"PROVIDED THAT"
"PROVIDING THAT"
"SO LONG AS"
"AS LONG AS
"Siempre que, en tanto que, con la condición de que,...etc
"ASSUMING THAT"
"SUPPOSING THAT"
"SUPPOSE THAT"
"Suponiendo que.."
"I will only tell my age on condition that you tell yours."
"What would you do supposing that you were given the chance to see the future ?"
"Assuming that it's fine tomorrow, we'll go for a swim"


Exercise 1


MIXED CONDITIONALS (3)
1.If I _________________ (be) rich enough to buy a desert island, I ___________(not build) many houses, or wildlife _________________.(disappear)
2. It is a pity the owner of that Picasso didn't want to sell, because if she _______________ (want) to put up the picture for sale, I _________________ (buy) it.
3. If my mother _________________ (come) to see our new house, we _____________ (have) to have our windows repaired.
4. You _________________(can) watch English TV unless you _________________ (buy) a satellite dish. If I _________________ (be) you, I _________________(buy) one.
5. I'm sure some people in the institute _________________ (wear) jeans even if they _________________ (live) under the water.

Exercise 2

MIXED CONDITIONAL (4)

1. If you ____________________ (have) anything to say to me, please ____________________ (tell) me quick.

2. I would have asked for another set if you ____________________ (give) me the money.

3. ____________________ children start bothering you, please ____________________ (call) the teacher.

4. Drive faster and you ____________________ (have) an accident.

5. If I ____________________ what was going to happen, I ____________________ the club.

6. If he ____________________ (be) on his knees today, maybe I ____________________ (marry) him.

7. You ____________________(can) to pass your driving test, provided that you
____________________(keep) calm.

8.What ____________________ you ____________________ (do) if you ____________________ (find)a bag containing a lot of money ?

9. I ____________________ (tell) you on conditon that you ____________________ (not tell) anybody.

10. Something horrible ____________________ ( happen)if I ____________________ (not turn) off the gas

Exercise 3

Rewrite these sentences using the conjunctions in brackets.

1. If you gave me 1000€ I still ____________(not go) into a coal mine.(Even if)
Even if you gave me 1000€ I wouldn't go into a coal mine.

2 I (lend) you my book if you let me have it back by Monday. (on (the) condition (that))
____________________________________________________________

3 If you look after it, I (let) you keep my bicycle till the weekend. (providing (that))
______________________________________________________

4 If you (not tell) anyone else, I'll tell you what happened. (so long as)
______________________________________________________

5 If it (be) a holiday on Monday, we can drive to the seaside. (assuming (that))
______________________________________________________

6 The children were never scolded if they (do) what they were told. (so long as)_-
______________________________________________________

Exercise 4

Put in the right conditionals.

THE SECRET OF A LONG LIFE

Grygori Pilikian recently celebrated his 114th birthday and reporters visited him in his mountain village in Georgia to find out the secret of a long life. 'The secret of a long life,' Grygori said, 'is happiness. If you (be) 1 __________ happy, you will live a long time.' 'Are you married?' a reporter asked. 'Yes,' Grygori replied. 'I married my third wife when I was 102. If you are happily married, you (live)__________2 for ever. But for my third wife, I __________(die) 3 years ago.' 'What about smoking and drinking?' a reporter asked. 'Yes, they are important,' Grygori said. 'Don't smoke at all and you (feel)__________ 4 well. Drink two glasses of wine a day and you__________ (be) 5 healthy and happy.' 'If you_________ (can/live) B your life again, what (you/do) 7__________?' a reporter asked. 'I would do what I have done. If I had had more sense, I __________(eat) 8 more yoghourt!' he chuckled. 'Supposing you __________(can/change) 9 one thing in your life what you/change)__________ 1O ?' another reporter asked. 'Not much,' Grygori replied. 'So you don't have anyregrets?' 'Yes, I have one regret,' Grygori replied. 'If I (know) 11__________ I was going to live so long, I__________(look after) 12 myself better!'



C) EXÁMENES PAU

Para practicar, podéis utilizar estas páginas:

Exámenes PAU Inglés Universitat de València

http://www.upv.es/ingles/examenes.html

 Exámenes de PAU de las universidades públicas de Madrid. (No son exactamente iguales a los de Valencia pero son muy parecidos y además INCLUYE SOLUCIONES)


Más exámenes tipo PAU







Criterios de corrección, estadísticas,MODELOS EXÁMENES etc de Universitat de VALÈNCIA


http://www.upv.es/ingles/



Exámenes PAU todas las asignaturas Universitat de València


http://www.cdlibre.org/pau/


Exámenes PAU todas asignaturas Madrid


http://www.emes.es/AccesoUniversidad/Selectividad/ModelosdeExamenes/tabid/344/Default.aspx

Exámenes PAU todas asignaturas Andalucía


Exámenes PAU y otros recursos




Cómo hacer un buen examen de Inglés en la PAU (es de Andalucía pero muchas cosas valen igual








MÁS INFORMACIÓN ÚTIL PARA EXAMEN PAU (false friends,modelos de textos etc) en este mismo blog en el apartado Most common errors when writing.






CONECTORES


Los conectores o conjunciones son palabras que usamos para unir doso más frases o dos palabras dentro de la misma oración. Aquí tienes losconectores más comunes agrupados en categorías.

Copulativs and, not only … but also …, not only … but … as well, both … and …, no sooner … than
Disyuntivos or, either … or …, neither … nor …, whether … or …, else, otherwise
Condicionales if, whether, unless, provided, providing, as long as, in case, in case of
Concesivos although, though, even though, even if, despite, in spite of, not even if, regardless of
Conclusivos therefore, hence, thus, so, consequently
Continuativos then, moreover, furthermore, besides, in addition to
Adversativos but, however, nonetheless, yet, still, on the other hand, instead, instead of, on the contrary
Causales because, for, because of, as a result of, due to, owing to, since, as
Comparativos as, as … as …, not as … as …, not so … as …, just as … so …, as if, as though
Funcionales so, so that, so as to, so as not to, in order to

Connectors again...

Sentence Connectors

Cause and Effect

Sentence Connectors - showing Cause / Effect

Once you have mastered
Type of Connector
Connector(s)
Examples
Coordinating conjunctions
for (cause), so (effect)
Professionals can sometimes be extremely impatient, for their positions are at times rather stressful.
Subordinating conjunctions
because, since
Since high level positions are at times rather stressful, professionals can sometimes be extremely impatient.
Conjunctive adverbs
therefore, as a result, consequently
High level positions are at times rather stressful; therefore, professionals can sometimes be extremely impatient.
Prepositions
because of, due to, as a result of
Due to the stressful nature of high level positions, professionals can sometimes be extremely impatient

Addition

Sentence Connectors - Showing Addition

Type of Connector
Connector(s)
Examples
Coordinating Conjunction
and
High level positions are stressful at times, and can be harmful to your health.
Conjunctive adverbs
in addition, additionally, furthermore, moreover, also
High level positions are stressful at times; furthermore, they can be harmful to your health
Correlative conjunctions
not only...but also
Not only are high level positions stressful at times, but they also can be harmful to your health.
Prepositional phrases
in addition to, along with, as well as
Along with being stressful, high level positions can also be harmful to your health.

Opposition
Type of Connector
Connector(s)
Examples
Coordinating conjunction
but
High level positions are stressful at times, but professionals can learn to manage their stress levels.
Subordinating conjunctions
although, despite the fact that
Despite the fact that high level positions are stressful at times, professionals can learn to manage their stress levels.
Conjunctive adverbs
however, nevertheless
High level positions are stressful at times; nevertheless, professionals can learn to manage their stress levels.
Prepositional phrases
despite, in spite of
In spite of the stressful nature of high level positions, professionals can learn to manage their stress levels.

Comparison

Sentence Connectors - Showing Comparison

.
Type of Connector
Connector(s)
Examples
Coordinating Conjunction
and...too
High level positions are stressful, and can be harmful to your health too.
Subordinating conjunction
just as
Just as high level positions are stressful, they can be harmful to your health.
Conjunctive adverbs
similarly, in comparison
High level positions are stressful at times; similarly, they can be harmful to your health.
Prepositions
like, similar to
Similar to other important professions, high level business positions are stressful at times.

Contrast

Sentence Connectors - Showing Contrast

Once you have mastered the basics of correct usage in written English, you will want to express yourself in increasingly complex ways. One of the best ways to improve your writing style is to use sentence connectors. Sentence connectors are used to express relationships between ideas and to combine sentences. The use of these connectors will add sophistication to your writing style.
Type of Connector
Connector(s)
Examples
Coordinating conjunction
but
High level positions are stressful at times, but the financial rewards make these positions very desirable indeed.
Subordinating conjunctions
whereas, while
While high level positions are stressful at times, the financial rewards make these positions very desirable indeed.
Conjunctive adverbs
in contrast, on the other hand
High level positions are stressful at times; on the other hand, the financial rewards make these positions very desirable indeed.
Prepositions
unlike
Unlike the undesirable stress of high level positions, the financial rewards make these positions very desirable indee

Condition

Sentence Connectors - Showing Condition

Type of Connector
Connector(s)
Examples
Subordinating conjunctions
if, unless, only if, even if
If you consider the financial rewards of high level positions, the stressful nature of these positions becomes less important.
Conjunctive adverb
otherwise
You should remember the financial rewards of high level positions; otherwise, you might find the stressful nature of these positions too demanding.

Aquí encontraréis una lista inmensa de conectores Inglés-Español

http://heptagrama.com/connectors-glossary.htm



NOW SOME EXERCISES WITH CONNECTORS...











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