Monday 18 July 2011

2nd BACHILLERATO units 5 & 6







UNIT 5 REPORTED SPEECH
Direct and Reported Speech

A) DIRECT SPEECH: words actually spoken; quotation marks.

B) REPORTED SPEECH: we only give the meaning of what was said; no quotation marks.

C) TELL or SAY?
TELL + IO + DO
SAY + DO / SAY + TO + IO+ DO

TELL always has an indirect object, except in some expressions like tell the time, tell the truth .
..
Changes in Reported Speech

A) Changes of PERSON, TIME and PLACE depend on changes in the situation. The most important changes are:

PronounsI / we...................................he, she / they
Timetomorrow ............................the next / following day
yesterday ...........................the day before
now ....................................then
today / tonight .....................that day / night
this morning ........................that morning
on / next Tuesday ...............the following Tuesday
last Tuesday .......................the previous Tuesday
the day after tomorrow..........in two days time
ago......................................before
Placehere ....................................there
Demonstrativesthis / that ............................the


B) TENSE CHANGE: (BACKSHIFT)

Tense change depends on whether the introductory verb is present or past.
- If the introductory verb is present, there is no tense change.
- If the introductory verb is past, there is often a tense change. If the statement is up to date when we report it, we can leave the same tense or change it. We change the tense if we think the statement may be untrue. In news reports, the tense usually changes.

Direct Speech
Reported Speech
Direct Speech
Reported Speech
Simple Present .........Simple PastWILL ......................WOULD
Present Continuous ..Past ContinuousCAN .......................COULD
Simple Past .............Past Perf/S. Past*MAY ......................MIGHT
Past Continuous ......Past Perf/Past Cont.*MUST ....................HAD TO
Present Perfect ........Past PerfectWOULDNO CHANGE
Past Perfect ............Past PerfectCOULD


MIGHT


SHOULD


OUGHT TO


Reported statements


A) Reporting verbs: SAY, TELL, ANNOUNCE, EXCLAIM,...
B) Introduced by THAT (it can be omitted)
C) Pronoun, verb and adverb change

Reported questions

A) Reporting verbs: ASK, WONDER, WANT TO KNOW
B) WH-QUESTIONS: introduced by an INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN (it cannot be omitted)
C) YES/NO QUESIONS: introduced by IF or WHETHER (they cannot be omitted)
D) Pronoun, verb and adverb change.Word order changes
E) EMBEDDED QUESTIONS: Could you tell me ...? Do you know ...?

Reported functions (requests, orders, offers, ...)

A) REQUESTS:
- Reporting verb: ASK, BEG ...
- Indirect Object + TO-INFINITIVE / NOT TO-INFINITIVE
B) ORDERS:
- Reporting verbs: TELL, ORDER, COMMAND ...
- Indirect Object + TO-INFINITIVE / NOT TO-INFINITIVE
C) OFFERS, SUGGESTIONS ...
OFFER
PROMISE
AGREE
REFUSE
THREATEN
REMIND
ADVISE
INVITE

+ TO-INFINITIVE
SUGGEST
ADMIT
INSIST ON
APOLOGIZE FOR
+ -ING
D) PROMISE THAT, AGREE THAT ...
PROMISE
AGREE
REMIND
WARN
ADVISE
ADMIT
INSIST
+ THAT + CLAUSE
























 

 

DESCRIPTIVE GRAMMAR

REPORTED SPEECH

DIRECT AND REPORTED SPEECH
You can answer the question "What did he/she say?" in two ways:
  • by repeating the words spoken (direct speech)
  • by reporting the words spoken (indirect or reported speech).
Direct Speech
Direct speech repeats, or quotes, the exact words spoken. When we use direct speech in writing, we place the words spoken between inverted commas ("....") and there is no change in these words. We may be reporting something that's being said NOW (for example a telephone conversation), or telling someone later about a previous conversation
Examples:
  • She says "What time will you be home?"
  • She said "What time will you be home?"
  • and I said "I don't know! "
  • "There's a fly in my soup!" screamed Simone.
  • John said, "There's an elephant outside the window."
Reported Speech
Reported speech is usually used to talk about the past, so we normally change the tense of the words spoken. We use reporting verbs like 'say', 'tell', 'ask', and we may use the word 'that' to introduce the reported words. Inverted commas are not used.
She said, "I saw him." --She said that she had seen him.
  • 'That' may be omitted:
    • She told him that she was happy.
    • She told him she was happy.
  • 'Say' and 'tell':
    • Use 'say' when there is no indirect object:
    • He said that he was tired.
  • Always use 'tell' when you say who was being spoken to (i.e. with an indirect object):
    He told me that he was tired.
    'Talk' and 'speak' are used:
    • to describe the action of communicating:
      He talked to us.
      She was speaking on the telephone.
    • with 'about' to refer to what was said:
      He talked (to us) about his parents.
CHANGE OF TIME AND PLACE REFERENCE
Time/place references are also changed in reported speech
Examples:
"I will see you here tomorrow", she said. --She said that she would see me there the next day.
The most common of these changes are shown below:
Today
that day
"I saw him today", she said.
She said that she had seen him that day.
Yesterday
the day before
"I saw him yesterday", she said.
She said that she had seen him the day before.
The day before yesterday
two days before
"I met her the day before yesterday", he said.
He said that he had met her two days before.
Tomorrow
the next/following day
"I'll see you tomorrow", he said.
He said that he would see me the next day.
The day after tomorrow
in two days time/ two days later
"We'll come the day after tomorrow", they said.
They said that they would come in two days time/ two days later.
Next week/month/year
the following week/month/year
"I have an appointment next week", she said.
She said that she had an appointment the following week.
Last week/month/year
the previous/week/month/year
"I was on holiday last week", he told us.
He told us that he had been on holiday the previous week.
ago
before
"I saw her a week ago," he said.
He said he had seen her a week before.
this (for time)
that
"I'm getting a new carthisweek", she said.
She said she was getting a new carthatweek.
this/that (adjectives)
the
"Do you like this shirt?" he asked.
He asked if I liked the shirt.
here
there
He said, "I live here".
He told me he lived there.
Other changes:
In general, personal pronouns change to the third person singular or plural, except when the speaker reports his own words:
I/me/my/mine, you/your/yours --him/his/her/hers
we/us/our/ours, you/your/yours --they/their/theirs:
He said: "I like your new car." --He told her that he liked her new car.
I said: "I'm going to my friend's house." --I said that I was going to my friend's house.
TENSE CHANGES
Normally, the tense in reported speech is one tense back in time from the tense in direct speech:
She said, "I am tired." -- She said that she was tired.
The changes are shown below:
Simple present
Simple past
"I always drink coffee", she said.
She said that she always drank coffee.
Present continuous
Past continuous
"I am reading a book", he explained.
He explained that he was reading a book.
Simple past
Past perfect
"Bill arrived on Saturday", he said.
He said that Bill had arrived on Saturday.
Present perfect
Past perfect
"I have been to Spain", he told me.
He told me that he had been to Spain.
Past perfect
Past perfect
"I had just turned out the light," he explained.
He explained that he had just turnedout the light.
Present perfect continuous
Past perfect continuous
They complained, "We have been waiting for hours".
They complained that they had been waiting for hours.
Past continuous
Past perfect continuous
"We were living in Paris", they told me.
They told me that they had been living in Paris.
Future
Present conditional
"I will be in Geneva on Monday", he said.
He said that he would be in Geneva on Monday.
Future continuous
Conditional continuous
She said, "I'll be using the car next Friday".
She said that she would be using the car next Friday.
NOTE:
  1. You do not need to change the tense if the reporting verb is in the present, or if the original statement was about something that is still true, e.g.

    He says he has missed the train but he'll catch the next one.
    We explained that it is very difficult to find our house.
  2. These modal verbs do not change in reported speech:
    might, could, would, should, ought to, e.g.

    We explained that it could be difficult to find our house.
    She said that she might bring a friend to the party    .
HOPES, INTENTIONS, PROMISES
When we report an intention, hope or promise, we use an appropriate reporting verb followed by a that-clause or a to-infinitive:
"I'll pay you the money tomorrow." --
He promised to pay me the money the next day.
He promised that he would pay me the money the next day.
Other verbs used in this pattern include:
hope, propose, threaten, guarantee, swear.
Examples:
  • "I'll be back by lunchtime."
    He promised to be back by lunchtime.
    He promised that he would be back by lunchtime.
  • "We should arrive in London before nightfall."
    They hoped to arrive in London before nightfall.
    They hoped they would arrive in London before nightfall.
  • "Give me the keys to the safe or I'll shoot you!"
    He threatened to shoot me if I didn't give him the keys to the safe.
    He threatened that he would shoot me if I didn't give him the keys to the safe.
ORDERS, REQUESTS, SUGGESTIONS
  1. When we want to report an order or request, we can use a verb like 'tell' with a to-clause.

    Examples:
    He told me to go away.
    The pattern is verb + indirect object + to-clause.
    (The indirect object is the person spoken to.)

    Other verbs used to report orders and requests in this way are: command, order, warn, ask, advise, invite, beg, teach, forbid.

    Examples:
    1. The doctor said to me, "Stop smoking!". -- The doctor told me to stop smoking.
    2. "Get out of the car!" said the policeman. -- The policeman ordered him to get out of the car.
    3. "Could you please be quiet," she said. -- She asked me to be quiet.
    4. The man with the gun said to us, "Don't move!" -- The man with the gun warned us not to move.
  2. Requests for objects are reported using the pattern
    ask + for + object:

    Examples:
    1. "Can I have an apple?", she asked. -- She asked for an apple.
    2. "Can I have the newspaper, please?" -- He asked for the newspaper.
    3. "May I have a glass of water?" he said. -- He asked for a glass of water.
    4. "Sugar, please." -- She asked for the sugar.
    5. "Could I have three kilos of onions?" -- He asked for three kilos of onions.
  3. Suggestions are usually reported with a that-clause. 'That' and 'should' are optional in these clauses:
    She said: "Why don't you get a mechanic to look at the car?" -- She suggested that I should get a mechanic to look at the car. OR She suggested I get a mechanic to look at the car.

    Other reporting verbs used in this way are: insist, recommend, demand, request, propose.

    Examples:
    1. "It would be a good idea to see the dentist", said my mother. --My mothersuggested I see the dentist.
    2. The dentist said, "I think you should use a different toothbrush". --The dentistrecommended that I should use a different toothbrush.
    3. My manager said, "I think we should examine the budget carefully at this meeting." --My manager proposed that we examine the budget carefully at the meeting.
    4. "Why don't you sleep overnight at my house?" she said. --She suggested that I sleepovernight at her house.
Notes:
Suggest can also be followed by a gerund: I suggested postponing the visit to the dentist.
QUESTIONS
  1. Normal word order is used in reported questions, that is, the subject comes before the verb, and it is not necessary to use 'do' or 'did':

    "Where does Peter live?" --She asked him where Peter lived.
  2. Yes / no questions: This type of question is reported by using 'ask' + 'if / whether + clause:
    1. "Do you speak English?" -- He asked me if I spoke English.
    2. "Are you British or American?" -- He asked me whether I was British or American.
    3. "Is it raining?" -- She asked if it was raining.
    4. "Have you got a computer?" -- He wanted to know whether I had a computer.
    5. "Can you type?" -- She asked if I could type.
    6. "Did you come by train?" -- He enquired whether I had come by train.
    7. "Have you been to Bristol before?" -- She asked if I had been to Bristol before.
  3. Question words:
    This type of question is reported by using 'ask' (or another verb like 'ask') + question word + clause. The clause contains the question, in normal word order and with the necessary tense change.

    Examples:
    1. "What is your name?" he asked me. -- He asked me what my name was.
    2. "How old is your mother?", he asked. -- He asked how old her mother was.
    3. The mouse said to the elephant, "Where do you live?" --- The mouse asked the elephant where she lived.
    4. "What time does the train arrive?" she asked. -- She asked what time the train arrived.
    5. "When can we have dinner?" she asked. -- She asked when they could have dinner.
    6. The elephant said to the mouse, "Why are you so small?" -- The elephant asked the mouse why she was so small.
SUMMARY OF REPORTING VERBS
Note that some reporting verbs may appear in more than one of the following groups.
  1. Verbs followed by 'if' or 'whether' + clause:
ask
know
remember
say
see
  1. 2Verbs followed by a that-clause:
add
admit
agree
announce
answer
argue
boast
claim
comment
complain
confirm
consider
deny
doubt
estimate
explain
fear
feel
insist
mention
observe
persuade
propose
remark
remember
repeat
reply
report
reveal
say
state
suggest
suppose
tell
think
understand
warn
  1. 3.- Verbs followed by either a that-clause or a to-infinitive:
decide
expect
guarantee
hope
promise
swear
threaten
  1. 4.- Verbs followed by a that-clause containing should (but note that it may be omitted, leaving a subject + zero-infinitive):
advise
beg
demand
insist
prefer
propose
recommend
request
suggest
  1. 5.-Verbs followed by a clause starting with a question word:
decide
describe
discover
discuss
explain
forget
guess
imagine
know
learn
realise
remember
reveal
say
see
suggest
teach
tell
think
understand
wonder
  1. 6.- Verbs followed by object + to-infinitive:


advise
ask
beg
command
forbid
instruct
invite
teach
tell
warn

A VIDEO EXPLAINING REPORTED SPEECH



BACKSHIFT


http://ingles.ing.uchile.cl/otros/Reported%20Speech%20Exercises.pdf

 http://ies1libertas.edu.gva.es/departamentos/ingles/PDFs/segundob/erepspch2b1.pdf

 http://www.agendaweb.org/verbs/reported_speech-exercises.html

http://perso.wanadoo.es/autoenglish/gr.report2.p.htm


Reporting Verbs Exercise 

Fill the gaps using the verbs in the box. Use each verb once only.

advise hope promise suggest
beg insist remind threaten
deny invite refuse warn
1 "I didn't do it," she said.

She ________________ doing it.
2 "Have lunch with me," she said.

She ________________ me to have lunch with her.
3 "Why don't you buy one?" said Tom.

Tom ________________ I buy one.
4 "I promise I'll take you to Prague," said Mary.

Mary ________________ to take me to Prague.
5 "I hope Andy phones tonight," said Clare.

Clare ________________ Andy would phone that night.
6 "Please, please don't tell anyone!" he said.

He ________________ me not to tell anyone.
7 "I won't do it," he said.

He ________________ to do it.
8 "You should have lessons," she said.

She ________________ me to have lessons.
9 "We really must go with you," they said.

They ________________ on going with me.
10 "Don't forget to phone Granny," said Mum.

Mum ________________ me to phone Granny.
11 "If you wear my T-shirt again, I'll pinch you very hard," said Maggy.

Maggie ________________ to pinch me very hard if I wore her T-shirt again.
12 "Don't fly kites near electric overhead cables," said my father.

My father ________________ me not to fly kites near electric overhead cables.


REPORTED SPEECH LISTENINGS

http://english.baladre.org/sedaviwebfront/repspeechlisten.htm

http://english.baladre.org/sedaviwebfront/embedchoice.htm

http://english.baladre.org/sedaviwebfront/repspeechlisten2.htm"
 
http://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/reportedspeech.
 
htm http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/reported-speech
 
http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/reported-speech/exercises?05
 
http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/reported-speech/exercises?06
 
http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/reported-speech/exercises?10
 
http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/reported-speech/exercises?11
 
http://www.eslpartyland.com/quiz%20center/rptspeech1.
 
htm http://a4esl.org/q/h/9901/tm-reported1.htm
 
http://www.ieslosremedios.org/~josefina/english_exercises/reported_speech1.jqz.htm
 
http://mrc.ltd.free.fr/Reportquestions.htm
 



UNIT 6 -ING OR (TO-)INFINITIVE?





Bare infinitive only
Generally speaking, bare infinitive structures are much less common than to-infinitive structures, but after certain verbs they are necessary.
We use the infinitive without to after modal auxiliary verbs will, shall, would, could, can (but not be able to), may, might, must (but not have to), should (but not ought to), and needn't, (but not need to, which behaves like a normal verb). Compare the following:
  • I can't agree with you on this, though I would like to be able to help you.
  • You must finish your own work before you go out, but youdon't have to help your sister.
  • It will be hot and sunny today so you should put on plenty of sunscreen and you ought to wear a hat.
  • He needn't take time off work, but he needs to rest in the evenings and get a good night's sleep before he sets off on the new expedition.
After the object after certain verbs, such as hear, see, make, let,there is no to:
  • I saw him pour the medicine down the loo and I heard him laugh to himself.
  • I cannot make you take this medication, I can only ask you to take it.
  • I can't let you go to bed hungry. You must let me prepare you some supper.
After verbal idioms would rather and had better there is no to:
  • I'd rather swim in the pool than go down to the beach.
    Geoffrey has just driven up in his car.     You'd better see what he wants.
All of these, however, represent exceptions to the general rule. Most infinitive structures begin with to:
  • I decided to leave work early. I intended to be home before six. And I had arranged to play tennis with Joan in the evening.
to-infinitive or bare infinitive
Help is a verb that can be used with or without to and with or without an object before the infinitive. When we use it without an infinitive it sometimes sounds more informal. Compare the following:
  • Could you help me to look for my car keys? I can't find them anywhere.
  • Could you help me look for my car keys? I can't find them anywhere.
  • Would you like to help to cook dinner tonight? It's late and I'm feeling tired.
  • Would you like to help cook dinner tonight? It's late and I'm feeling tired.
There are one or two other structures where to-infinitive and thebare infinitive are both possible. Expressions with do or did, such as what I've done or all I did can follow either pattern.
  • I hate shopping so what I've done is (to) order a new computer over the Internet.
  • All I did was (to) suggest that she should lend him no more money. I didn't insist on it.
When two infinitive structures are connected by and, or or, exceptor but and than or as, it is normal practice to omit to in the second clause. Compare the following:
  • I would like you to tidy the house and (to) wash the dishesbefore I get home.
  • Would you prefer to have a snack now or (to) wait until later before we eat?
  • I could find nothing to do this afternoon, except read my book.
    My son does nothing     but watch TV when he gets home from school.
  • It's quicker to bike to the station rather than take the car.
  • I have to fix breakfast for everybody as well as take the children to school before I can leave for work.
ING form or Infinitive

Criterios generales:

Para saber cuándo hay que poner la forma -ING o el INFINITIVO en este artículo distinguiremos:
1. Verbos que generalmente van seguidos por un verbo en la forma -ING.
2. Verbos que puede ir seguidos alternativamente por verbos con la forma -ING o INFINITIVO, y que, en ocasiones, cambian de significado según se opte por una u otra forma.

Grupos de verbos y significados
1.- Lista de verbos que generalmente (*) van seguidos de verbos en la forma -ING.
Verbos
Ejemplos
admit
admitir
They admitted going there.
Admitieron haber ido allí.
appreciate
apreciar
We appreciate doing that.
Apreciamos hacer eso.
avoid
evitar
I avoid seeing him.
Evito verlo.
burst out (crying/laughing)
Romper a llorar, reirse a carcajadas.
· He burst out crying when I told him the thruth.
Se echó a llorar cuando le dije la verdad.
· He burst out laughing when he saw me.
Se rió a carcajadas cuando me vio.
consider
considerar, plantearse.
We considered buying that house.Nos planteamos comprar esa casa.
contemplate
Contemplar, considerar
They contemplated selling it.
Consideraron venderla.
delay
Retrasar, posponer.
I delayed telling the truth.Pospuse contar la verdad.
deny
negar
He denied stealing my purse.Negó haber robado mi cartera.
detest
detestar
I detest working on Saturdays.Detesto trabajar los sábados.
dislike
no gustar
We dislike walking back home.No nos gusta caminar de vuelta a casa.
endure
soportar, aguantar.
She won't endure having an operation.Ella no soportará una operación.
enjoy
disfrutar
I enjoy coming here.
Disfruto viniendo aquí.
escape escapar
We escaped running.
Escapamos corriendo.
face enfrentarse
He will face having to resign.Se enfrentará a tener que renunciar.
fancy gustar
She would fancy living there.A ella le gustaría vivir allí.
feel like tener ganas,apetecer
I don't feel like going there.No tengo ganas de ir ahí.
finish terminar
We finish working at 6pm.Terminamos de trabajar a las 6pm
forgive perdonar
Forgive me for interrupting.
Perdonarme por interrumpir.
give up
renunciar,dejar de (actividad)
He gave up writing every day.Renunció a escribir todos los días.
can't help no poder evitar
I can't help talking in class.No puedo evitar hablar durante la clase.
imagine imaginar
We couldn't imagine living with her.No nos podíamos imaginar viviendo con ella.
involve Suponer, involucrar,implicar
That involved calling many people.Eso suponía llamar a mucha gente.
keep on
continuar,seguir
You should keep on trying.Deberías continuar intentándolo.
leave off
dejar (a un lado), parar
I'm going to have to leave off writing.Voy a tener que dejar de escribir.
mention
mencionar
She never mentioned selling it.Ella nunca mencionó haberlo vendido.
mind
importar
I don't mind you coming here.No me importa que vengas aquí.
miss perder, errar. librarse
You missed getting wet.
Te libraste de mojarte.
postpone aplazar, posponer
He always postpones helping me.Siempre pospone ayudarme.
practice
practicar
I haven't practiced reading for a long time.No he practicado la lectura durante mucho tiempo.
put off
postergar, posponer
He put off signing the contract several times.Postergó la firma del contrato varias veces.
resent
molestar, sentar mal
I resent coming here.
Me sienta mal venir aquí.
resist
resistir
He couldn't resist saying something.Él no pudo resistir decir algo.
risk
arriesgar
I don't want to risk losing you.No quiero arriesgarme a perderte.
can't stand
No soportar
We can't stand listening to you.No soportamos escucharte.
suggest
sugerir
They suggested flying to Rome.Sugirieron volar a Roma.
understand
Entender, comprender.
I understand why being good is important.Comprendo porque ser bueno es importante.
(*) NOTA: Generalmente quiere decir que es lo más frecuente, aunque puede ser que en ocasiones aparezcan seguidos de verbos en infinitivo.



2. Lista de verbos que pueden ir seguidos de la forma -ING o INFINITIVO. Algunos de estos verbos cambian de significado según se opte por la forma -ING o INFINITIVO.

Verbo
Significado con -ING
Significado con INFINITIVO
advise
aconsejar
Si no hay complemento (object) utilizamos -ING

-I don't advise coming here on Sundays.No aconsejo venir aquí los domingos.
Si hay complemento (object) utilizamos el INFINITIVO.
-I don't advise you(object) to come here on Sundays.No te aconsejo que vengas aquí los domingos.
allow
permitir
Si no hay complemento (object) utilizamos -ING

-He doesn't allow
smoking in his room.No permite fumar en su habitación.
Si hay complemento (object) utilizamos el INFINITIVO.-He doesn't allow you (objeto) to smoke in his room.No te permite fumar en su habitación.
be accustomed to

estar acostumbrado/a a
*Pero be used to+ -ING
No hay diferencia de significado importante entre -ing o infinitivo

-He isn't accustomed to being with you.
No está acostumbrado a estar contigo.
No hay diferencia de significado importante entre -ing o infinitivo

-He isn't accustomed to be with you.

No está acostumbrado a estar contigo.
be committed to
comprometerse.
No hay diferencia de significado importante entre -ing o infinitivo

-She is committed to doing that.

Ella está comprometida a hacer eso.
No hay diferencia de significado importante entre -ing o infinitivo

-She is committed to do that.

Ella está comprometida a hacer eso.
can't bear
no poder soportar
No hay diferencia de significado importante entre -ing o infinitivo

-They can't bear having an operation.

No pueden soportar una operación.
No hay diferencia de significado importante entre -ing o infinitivo

-They can't bear to have an operation.

No pueden soportar una operación.
begin
empezar
No hay diferencia de significado importante entre -ing o infinitivo

-When you begin talking,I'll leave.

Cuando empieces a hablar me marcharé.
No hay diferencia de significado importante entre -ing o infinitivo

-When you begin to talk, I'll leave.

Cuando empieces a hablar me marcharé.
continue
continuar
No hay diferencia de significado importante entre -ing o infinitivo

-You should continue reading.
Deberías continuar leyendo.
No hay diferencia de significado importante entre -ing o infinitivo

-You should continue to read.

Deberías continuar leyendo.
forbid
prohibir
Si no hay complemento (object) utilizamos -ING

- They forbade smoking.

Prohibieron fumar.
Si hay complemento (object) utilizamos el INFINITIVO.They forbade me(object) to smoke. Me prohibieron fumar.
forget
olvidar
Utilizamos la forma -ING cuando nos referimos acciones realizadas en el pasado.( (no) olvidar haber hecho)
-I'll never forget working with you.

Nunca me olvidaré de haber trabajado contigo.
Utilizamos el INFINITIVO cuando nos referimos a acciones pendientes.-I always forget to take the garbage out.

Siempre me olvido de sacar la basura.
go on
continuar
Significa continuar

-You can go on talking.Puedes continuar hablando.
Significa un cambio de actividad.-She was angry and went on to call me.Estaba enfadada y fue a llamamarme.
hate
odiar
No hay mucha diferencia de significado entre -ing y el infinitivo.
- I hate doing the homework.

Odio hacer los deberes.
No hay mucha diferencia de significado entre -ing y el infinitivo.
- I hate to dohomework.

Odio hacer los deberes.
hear
oír
Nos referimos a una acción que se prolonga en el tiempo.-I .heard her singing
La oí cantando ( y siguió haciéndolo)
Nos referimos una acción que empezó y acabó.-I heard her sing a song.
La oí cantar una canción (y acabarla)
intend
tener intención de
No hay diferencia de significado importante entre -ing o infinitivo

-We intended staying there.

Teníamos la intención de quedarnos allí.
No hay diferencia de significado importante entre -ing o infinitivo

-We intended to stay there.

Teíamos la intención de quedarnos allí.
learn
aprender
Se refiere a materias de estudio.- He learned swimming when he was very young.Aprendió natación cuando era muy joven.
Se refiere al resultado de ese estudio.-He learned to swim very well.Aprendió a nadar muy bien.
like gustar
No hay mucha diferencia de significado entre -ing y el infinitivo.- I like walking in the rain.

Me gusta caminar bajo la lluvia.
No hay mucha diferencia de significado entre -ing y el infinitivo.I like to walk in the rain.

Me gusta caminar bajo la lluvia.
love
amar, encantar
No hay mucha diferencia de significado entre -ing y el infinitivo.

- I love eating chocolate.

Me encanta comer chocolate.
No hay mucha diferencia de significado entre -ing y el infinitivo.

I love to eat chocolate.

Me encanta comer chocolate.
permit
permitir
Si no hay complemento (objeto) utilizamos -ING

-They permitted touching the objects.

Permitían tocar los objetos.
Si hay complemento (objeto) utilizamos el INFINITIVO.-They permitted me (objeto) to touch the objects.Me permitieron tocar los objetos.
prefer
preferir
No hay mucha diferencia de significado entre -ing y el infinitivo.

-I prefer coming here.

Prefiero venir aquí.
No hay mucha diferencia de significado entre -ing y el infinitivo.

-I prefer to come here.

Prefiero venir aquí.
propose
proponer
Si no hay complemento (object) utilizamos -ING.-He proposed using a new method.Propusó utilizar un nuevo método.
Si hay complemento (object) utilizamos el INFINITIVO.-He proposed me(objeto) to bring my cds.Me propusó que trajera mis cds.
regret
lamentar
Se refiere a una acción del pasado que lamentamos haber realizado.

-I'll always regret doing that.

Siempre lamentaré haber hecho eso.
Se utiliza para anunciar malas noticias.-I regret to tell you that we aren't leaving.Lamento decirte que no nos vamos.
remember
recordar
Utilizamos la forma -ING cuando nos referimos a acciones realizadas en el pasado.(que recordamos (no)haber hecho)

-I remember running very fast.

Recuerdo haber corrido muy rápido.
Utilizamos el INFINITIVO cuando nos referimos a acciones pendientes.

-I must remember to run everyday.

Debo recordar (que debo) correr todos los días.
see
ver
Nos referimos a una acción que se prolonga en el tiempo.(ver HEAR)-She saw you painting the wall.

Ella te vio pintando la pared.
Nos referimos a una acción que empezó y acabó.-She saw you paint the wall.Ella te vio pintar la pared (acabarla)
start
empezar
No hay diferencia de significado importante entre -ing o infinitivo.

-You should start doing something.

Deberías empezar a hacer algo.
No hay mucha diferencia de significado entre -ing y el infinitivo.-You should start to do something.

Deberías empezar a hacer algo.
stop
parar, dejar de
Se utiliza -ING para indicar que dejamos de realizar una acción ( hábito.)

She stopped smoking last June.

Ella dejó de fumar el pasado mes de junio.
Mira la diferencia entre:
Stop killing our people
Stop to kill our people(!)
Se utiliza el INFINITIVO cuando se detiene la acción.

She stopped to call me. .

Ella se detuvo para llamarme.

teach
enseñar
Se refiere a materias de estudio.

-She teaches reading comprehension.

Ella enseña comprensión de lectura.
Se refiere al resultado de ese estudio.-She taught me to read well.Ella me enseñó a leer bien.
try
intentar
Significa que queremos/queríamos intentar ver qué ocurre si realizamos una determinada acción

-I tried calling her four times but I didn't succeed.Intenté llamarla cuatro veces, pero no tuve éxito.
Podemos utilizar -ing o infinitivo para hablar de intentar realizar un esfuerzo.


-You should try todo/doing it.

Debes intentar hacerlo.
watch
observar, mirar, ver
Nos referimos a una acción que se prolonga en el tiempo.Ver hear,see

-He watched you playing football.

Él te vio jugando fútbol.
Nos referimos a una acción que empezó y acabó.

-He watched you play football.

Él te vio jugar al fútbol.

Common Verbs Followed by an Infinitive


Example:
I
refuse
to lie
to my customers.
Verb
Infinitive
afford
come
hesitate
prefer
swear
agree
consent
hope
prepare
tend
appear
continue
hurry
pretend
threaten
arrange
dare
incline
profess
turn out
ask
decide
intend
promise
venture
attempt
deserve
learn
prove
volunteer
begin
determine
like
refuse
want
can’t afford
elect
long
request
wish
can’t bear
endeavor
love
resolve
would like
can’t stand
expect
manage
say
yearn
can’t wait
fail
mean
seek
care
get
need
seem
chance
grow up
offer
shudder
choose
guarantee
pay
start
claim
hate
plan
strive



9 = verb followed by a gerund OR a noun + an infinitive
13 = verb followed by a gerund OR an infinitive with a difference in meaning
14 = verb followed by a gerund OR an infinitive with little difference in meaning
admitHe admitted cheating on the test.
advise [9]The doctor generally advised drinking low-fat milk.
allow [9]Ireland doesn't allow smoking in bars.
anticipate I anticipated arriving late.
appreciateI appreciated her helping me.
avoidHe avoided talking to her.
begin [14]I began learning Chinese.
can't bear [14] He can't bear having so much responsibility.
can't help He can't help talking so loudly.
can't seeI can't see paying so much money for a car.
can't stand [14] He can't stand her smoking in the office.
cease [14]The government ceased providing free healthcare.
completeHe completed renovating the house.
considerShe considered moving to New York.
continue [14]He continued talking.
defendThe lawyer defended her making such statements.
delayHe delayed doing his taxes.
denyHe denied committing the crime.
despiseShe despises waking up early.
discussWe discussed working at the company.
dislikeShe dislikes working after 5 PM.
don't mindI don't mind helping you.
dread [13]She dreads getting up at 5 AM.
encourage [9]He encourages eating healthy foods.
enjoyWe enjoy hiking.
finish [13]He finished doing his homework.
forget [13]I forgot giving you my book.
hate [14]I hate cleaning the bathroom.
imagineHe imagines working there one day.
involveThe job involves traveling to Japan once a month.
keepShe kept interrupting me.
like [14]She likes listening to music.
love [14]I love swimming.
mentionHe mentioned going to that college.
mindDo you mind waiting here for a few minutes.
missShe misses living near the beach.
need [13]The aquarium needs cleaning.
neglect [14]Sometimes she neglects doing her homework.
permit [9]California does not permit smoking in restaurants.
postponeHe postponed returning to Paris.
practiceShe practiced singing the song.
prefer [14]He prefers sitting at the back of the movie theater.
propose [14]I proposed having lunch at the beach.
quit [13]She quit worrying about the problem.
recallTom recalled using his credit card at the store.
recollectShe recollected living in Kenya.
recommendTony recommended taking the train.
regret [13]She regretted saying that.
remember [13]I remember telling her the address yesterday.
reportHe reported her stealing the money.
require [9]The certificate requires completing two courses.
resentNick resented Debbie's being there.
resistHe resisted asking for help.
riskHe risked being caught.
start [14]He started studying harder.
stop [13]She stopped working at 5 o'clock.
suggestThey suggested staying at the hotel.
tolerateI tolerated her talking.
try [13] Sam tried opening the lock with a paperclip.
understandI understand his quitting.
urge [9]They urge recycling bottles and paper.

Grammar & exercises




Posted by at

No comments:

Post a Comment

Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)